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Cattle |
Swine |
Poultry |
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Calcium |
>500 ppm possible problems |
>1000 ppm possible problems |
no adverse effects |
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Chloride |
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>250 ppm possible problems
>14 ppm may cause problems if sodium is higher than 50 ppm |
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Copper |
> 0.5 ppm possible problems. High levels may lead to liver damage. |
> 0.5 ppm possible problems |
> 0.6 ppm possible problems. Bitter flavor and liver damage |
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Fecal Coliform |
>1/100 ml possible problems for calves
> 10/100 ml possible problems for mature animal |
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Hardness |
no adverse effects |
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no adverse effects |
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Iron |
>0.3 ppm possible problems due to decrease in intake due to taste |
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>0.3 ppm possible problems due to bad odor and taste, |
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Lead |
> 0.10 ppm toxic |
> 0.10 ppm possible problems |
>0.02 ppm toxic |
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Magnesium |
>125 ppm possible problems. Combined with high sulfates, may cause diarrhea |
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>125 ppm possible problems
>50 ppm may cause problems if sulfate is >50 ppm |
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Manganese |
> 0.05 ppm possible problems due to decrease in intake because of taste |
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Mercury |
>0.01 ppm possible problems |
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5.0> causes mortality |
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Nitrate-Nitrogen |
Between 10-20 ppm safe if feed is low in nitrates.
>20 ppm could be harmful over a long period of time.
Infertility and abortions, reduced gains, respiratory distress due to lack of oxygen and death. Membranes appear blue and blood is chocolate brown |
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Between 3-20 ppm may affect performance
>25 ppm possible problems |
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pH |
<5.5 or >8.5 possible problems |
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<6.3 may decrease performance |
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Sodium |
>20 ppm possible problems for calves |
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>50 ppm may cause problems if sulfate or chloride is high |
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Sulfates |
>250 ppm combined with high magnesium may cause diarrhea
>2000 ppm possible problems |
>1000 ppm possible problems |
>250 ppm possible problems
>50 ppm with high magnesium or chloride may also cause problems |
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Total Coliform |
> 1/100 ml. possible problems for calves
> 15/100 to 50/100 ml. possible problems for mature animal |
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>50 ml possible problems
0 ml is desirable |
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Total Dissolved Solids |
1 - 2999 ppm safe
3000 - 4999 safe but may refuse to drink it for a few days. May show signs of temporary diarrhea.
5000-6999 should not be used for pregnant or lactating without seriously affecting health or production. Will cause a laxative effect.
>7000 unsafe |
1- 2999 ppm safe
3000 - 4999 safe but may refuse to drink it for a few days. May show signs of temporary diarrhea.
5000-6999 should not be used for pregnant or lactating without seriously affecting health or production. Will cause a laxative effect.
>7000 unsafe |
<1000 ppm safe
1000 -2999 safe but may cause some watery dropping. Should not adversely effect health or production
>3000 unsafe |
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Zinc |
>25 ppm possible problems |
>25 ppm possible problems |
>1.5 ppm toxic |
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Sodium (Na) |
Less than 20 ppm: No adverse effects. |
20-80 ppm: Persons on restricted sodium diets should consult a physician concerning use. |
More than 80 ppm: Should be used sparingly by persons on low-sodium diets. |
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Calcium (Ca) |
Less than 80 ppm: No adverse effects. |
80-150 ppm: Hard water problems such as scale formation can be expected. |
More than 150 ppm: May be associated with high levels of sulfate (see sulfate below). Extreme hardness is undesirable for household use. |
|
Magnesium (Mg) |
Less than 30 ppm: No adverse effects. |
30-80 pp.: Contributes to hardness when associated with high calcium levels. |
More than 80 ppm: When associated with high sulfate, is likely to have a laxative effect (magnesium sulfate is Epsom Salts). |
|
pH |
less than 6.5: Corrosive to metal. |
6.5-8.5: No adverse effects. |
Higher than 8.5: Possible bitter taste, and germicidal activity of chlorine is reduced, corrosive to pipes. |
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Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) |
Less than 2 ppm: No adverse effects. |
2-10 ppm: No acute toxicity. Could have some negative health effects in young children. |
More than 10 ppm: Increasing probability of health effects in children under 6 months of age due to reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. |
|
Sulfate (SO4) |
Less than 250 ppm: No adverse effects. |
250-500 ppm: Likely to have a laxative effect, especially when first introduced. Diarrhea may or may not persist. |
More than 500 ppm: Strongly laxative. |
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Conductivity |
Less than 0.30: Extremely pure water can be corrosive to metal. |
0.30-1.50: No adverse effects. |
Greater than 1.50: High levels of dissolved solids (see below). |
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Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) |
Less than 200 ppm: No adverse health or nutritional effects. May be corrosive if extremely pure. |
200-1000 ppm: No adverse effects. |
More than 1000 ppm: Increasingly adverse effects, especially diarrhea. Water loses esthetic effect. |
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Hardness |
Less than 6 gr./gal: No adverse effects.
(17.1 mg/l CaCO3 = 1 gr/gal) |
6-12 gr/gal: Some scale may form in pipes and water heaters. Softening may be desirable. |
More than 12 gr/gal: Scale will form rapidly and laundry will not come clean. Softening for household use is desirable. |
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Purity |
Negative: No coliform bacteria present in 100 ml of water. |
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Positive: Water is contaminated with coliform (sewage) bacteria. Disease transmission is possible if unpurified water is used. |
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Iron (Fe) |
Less than 0.3 ppm: No adverse effects. |
0.3-1.0 ppm: Some staining will occur. |
More than 1.0 ppm: Iron oxide (rust) will cause extensive staining and will precipitate out, forming a red sludge. Taste will be bitter. |
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Manganese (Mn) |
Less than 0.05 ppm: No adverse effects. |
0.05-0.50 ppm: May cause black or brown staining of pipes, sinks and laundry. |
More than 0.50 ppm: Besides the staining effect, will cause a metallic taste. |
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Chloride (Cl) |
Less than 200 ppm: No adverse effects. |
200-500 ppm: Increasingly salty taste. |
More than 500 ppm: Very salty taste. |
